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Record Information
Version5.0
StatusDetected and Quantified
Creation Date2005-11-16 15:48:42 UTC
Update Date2023-05-30 20:55:59 UTC
HMDB IDHMDB0000094
Secondary Accession Numbers
  • HMDB00094
Metabolite Identification
Common NameCitric acid
DescriptionCitric acid (citrate) is a tricarboxylic acid, an organic acid with three carboxylate groups. Citrate is an intermediate in the TCA cycle (also known as the Tricarboxylic Acid cycle, the Citric Acid cycle or Krebs cycle). The TCA cycle is a central metabolic pathway for all animals, plants, and bacteria. As a result, citrate is found in all living organisms, from bacteria to plants to animals. In the TCA cycle, the enzyme citrate synthase catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate with acetyl CoA to form citrate. Citrate then acts as the substrate for the enzyme known as aconitase and is then converted into aconitic acid. The TCA cycle ends with regeneration of oxaloacetate. This series of chemical reactions in the TCA cycle is the source of two-thirds of the food-derived energy in higher organisms. Citrate can be transported out of the mitochondria and into the cytoplasm, then broken down into acetyl-CoA for fatty acid synthesis, and into oxaloacetate. Citrate is a positive modulator of this conversion, and allosterically regulates the enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which is the regulating enzyme in the conversion of acetyl-CoA into malonyl-CoA (the commitment step in fatty acid synthesis). In short, citrate is transported into the cytoplasm, converted into acetyl CoA, which is then converted into malonyl CoA by acetyl CoA carboxylase, which is allosterically modulated by citrate. In mammals and other vertebrates, Citrate is a vital component of bone, helping to regulate the size of apatite crystals (PMID: 21127269 ). Citric acid is found in citrus fruits, most concentrated in lemons and limes, where it can comprise as much as 8% of the dry weight of the fruit. Citric acid is a natural preservative and is also used to add an acidic (sour) taste to foods and carbonated drinks. Because it is one of the stronger edible acids, the dominant use of citric acid is as a flavoring and preservative in food and beverages, especially soft drinks and candies. Citric acid is an excellent chelating agent, binding metals by making them soluble. It is used to remove and discourage the buildup of limescale from boilers and evaporators. It can be used to treat water, which makes it useful in improving the effectiveness of soaps and laundry detergents. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability. Intolerance to citric acid in the diet is known to exist. Little information is available as the condition appears to be rare, but like other types of food intolerance it is often described as a "pseudo-allergic" reaction.
Structure
Data?1676999670
Synonyms
ValueSource
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acidChEBI
2-Hydroxytricarballylic acidChEBI
3-Carboxy-3-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioic acidChEBI
CitronensaeureChEBI
e330ChEBI
H3CitChEBI
Anhydrous citric acidKegg
Citric acid anhydrousKegg
2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylateGenerator
2-HydroxytricarballylateGenerator
3-Carboxy-3-hydroxypentane-1,5-dioateGenerator
Anhydrous citrateGenerator
Citrate anhydrousGenerator
CitrateGenerator
AcilettenHMDB
beta-HydroxytricarballylateHMDB
beta-Hydroxytricarballylic acidHMDB
ChemfillHMDB
CitracleanHMDB
CitrettenHMDB
CitroHMDB
e 330HMDB
Hydrocerol aHMDB
Kyselina citronovaHMDB
Suby gHMDB
Uro-trainerHMDB
Acid monohydrate, citricHMDB
Monohydrate, citric acidHMDB
Citric acid, anhydrousHMDB
Citric acid monohydrateHMDB
Uralyt uHMDB
Chemical FormulaC6H8O7
Average Molecular Weight192.1235
Monoisotopic Molecular Weight192.02700261
IUPAC Name2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
Traditional Namecitric acid
CAS Registry Number77-92-9
SMILES
OC(=O)CC(O)(CC(O)=O)C(O)=O
InChI Identifier
InChI=1S/C6H8O7/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12)
InChI KeyKRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Chemical Taxonomy
Description Belongs to the class of organic compounds known as tricarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are carboxylic acids containing exactly three carboxyl groups.
KingdomOrganic compounds
Super ClassOrganic acids and derivatives
ClassCarboxylic acids and derivatives
Sub ClassTricarboxylic acids and derivatives
Direct ParentTricarboxylic acids and derivatives
Alternative Parents
Substituents
  • Tricarboxylic acid or derivatives
  • Hydroxy acid
  • Alpha-hydroxy acid
  • Tertiary alcohol
  • Carboxylic acid
  • Organic oxygen compound
  • Organic oxide
  • Hydrocarbon derivative
  • Organooxygen compound
  • Carbonyl group
  • Alcohol
  • Aliphatic acyclic compound
Molecular FrameworkAliphatic acyclic compounds
External Descriptors
Ontology
Physiological effect
Disposition
Process
Role
Physical Properties
StateSolid
Experimental Molecular Properties
PropertyValueReference
Melting Point153 °CNot Available
Boiling PointNot AvailableNot Available
Water Solubility592 mg/mLNot Available
LogP-1.64AVDEEF,A (1997)
Experimental Chromatographic Properties

Experimental Collision Cross Sections

Adduct TypeData SourceCCS Value (Å2)Reference
[M-H]-Astarita_neg126.730932474
[M-H]-Baker129.49230932474
[M+H]+Baker148.89630932474
[M-H]-Not Available126.6http://allccs.zhulab.cn/database/detail?ID=AllCCS00000072
Predicted Molecular Properties
PropertyValueSource
Water Solubility106 g/LALOGPS
logP-1.3ALOGPS
logP-1.3ChemAxon
logS-0.26ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)3.05ChemAxon
pKa (Strongest Basic)-4.2ChemAxon
Physiological Charge-3ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count7ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count4ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area132.13 ŲChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count5ChemAxon
Refractivity35.62 m³·mol⁻¹ChemAxon
Polarizability15.54 ųChemAxon
Number of Rings0ChemAxon
BioavailabilityYesChemAxon
Rule of FiveYesChemAxon
Ghose FilterNoChemAxon
Veber's RuleNoChemAxon
MDDR-like RuleNoChemAxon
Predicted Chromatographic Properties

Predicted Collision Cross Sections

PredictorAdduct TypeCCS Value (Å2)Reference
DarkChem[M+H]+142.45831661259
DarkChem[M-H]-137.33931661259
AllCCS[M+H]+141.0632859911
AllCCS[M-H]-132.84432859911
DeepCCS[M+H]+133.94430932474
DeepCCS[M-H]-130.1630932474
DeepCCS[M-2H]-167.83730932474
DeepCCS[M+Na]+143.37630932474
AllCCS[M+H]+141.132859911
AllCCS[M+H-H2O]+137.332859911
AllCCS[M+NH4]+144.532859911
AllCCS[M+Na]+145.532859911
AllCCS[M-H]-132.832859911
AllCCS[M+Na-2H]-134.032859911
AllCCS[M+HCOO]-135.332859911

Predicted Kovats Retention Indices

Underivatized

MetaboliteSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Citric acidOC(=O)CC(O)(CC(O)=O)C(O)=O2789.1Standard polar33892256
Citric acidOC(=O)CC(O)(CC(O)=O)C(O)=O1141.2Standard non polar33892256
Citric acidOC(=O)CC(O)(CC(O)=O)C(O)=O1747.4Semi standard non polar33892256

Derivatized

Derivative Name / StructureSMILESKovats RI ValueColumn TypeReference
Citric acid,1TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(O)(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O1684.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,1TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)OC(CC(=O)O)(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O1739.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,1TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(O)(CC(=O)O)CC(=O)O1653.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,2TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(CC(=O)O)(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O1750.6Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,2TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(O)(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O1738.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,2TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(O)(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1706.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,2TMS,isomer #4C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC(=O)O)(CC(=O)O)O[Si](C)(C)C1747.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,3TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O1753.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,3TMS,isomer #2C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(CC(=O)O)(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1772.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,3TMS,isomer #3C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(O)(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1750.8Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,4TMS,isomer #1C[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C)(O[Si](C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C1834.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,1TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(O)(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O1956.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,1TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(CC(=O)O)(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O1981.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,1TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(O)(CC(=O)O)CC(=O)O1950.5Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,2TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(CC(=O)O)(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O2198.3Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,2TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(O)(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O2219.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,2TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(O)(CC(=O)O)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2221.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,2TBDMS,isomer #4CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)C(CC(=O)O)(CC(=O)O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2208.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,3TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O2444.2Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,3TBDMS,isomer #2CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(CC(=O)O)(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2439.1Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,3TBDMS,isomer #3CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(O)(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2420.7Semi standard non polar33892256
Citric acid,4TBDMS,isomer #1CC(C)(C)[Si](C)(C)OC(=O)CC(CC(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)(O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C)C(=O)O[Si](C)(C)C(C)(C)C2635.9Semi standard non polar33892256
Spectra

GC-MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (4 TMS)splash10-0002-0941000000-c310fda0e6a19bf6ae402014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (4 TMS)splash10-0002-0941000000-f1dfda3e9abc7cfb6b2a2014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (4 TMS)splash10-006t-0952000000-ba3a1a80815f65afd05c2014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0951000000-48857e9baebe16d9fc8d2014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (4 TMS)splash10-00di-9531000000-b6fd7d038634694f08732014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (4 TMS)splash10-00di-0593000000-b193bbba8c0cefdfe42a2014-06-16HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0941000000-c310fda0e6a19bf6ae402017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0941000000-f1dfda3e9abc7cfb6b2a2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-006t-0952000000-ba3a1a80815f65afd05c2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0951000000-48857e9baebe16d9fc8d2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-00di-9531000000-b6fd7d038634694f08732017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized)splash10-00di-0593000000-b193bbba8c0cefdfe42a2017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Experimental GC-MSGC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)splash10-0002-0941000000-573230e47a4efb1e36a52017-09-12HMDB team, MONA, MassBankView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-002k-6900000000-d1a61a52f6efdec3101a2016-09-22Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (4 TMS) - 70eV, Positivesplash10-02ib-6019300000-6d5ebea10441c6d4149a2017-10-06Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-10-12Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (TMS_1_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (TMS_1_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (TMS_2_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (TMS_2_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (TMS_2_3) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (TMS_2_4) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (TMS_3_1) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted GC-MSPredicted GC-MS Spectrum - Citric acid GC-MS (TMS_3_2) - 70eV, PositiveNot Available2021-11-05Wishart LabView Spectrum
MSMass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-002f-9400000000-fb757b614278bb898b542014-09-20Not AvailableView Spectrum

MS/MS Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionSplash KeyDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid Quattro_QQQ 10V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-03di-2900000000-956001b034bbc0b7da962012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid Quattro_QQQ 25V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-000l-9100000000-55e34e2c1616942fd4f22012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid Quattro_QQQ 40V, Negative-QTOF (Annotated)splash10-000f-9000000000-7b8be3e90a4daf85f04a2012-07-24HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0911200000-af80d22f720facc4813a2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-9000000000-6f4fedbb19821898fb222012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-8eff68ab89f7ce2262be2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOFsplash10-0fsi-0019300000-b370c4c3dd656c8eb7292012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0912100000-05e8ceb6dd97f7b9af982012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-9000000000-e4b67745443c48a63bd62012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-92536abec982e0a653a02012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-ITFT (LTQ Orbitrap XL, Thermo Scientfic) , Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-0190000000-35772df08490f451d8282012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 10V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-35856cc258368d13e1ff2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 20V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-3900000000-7170fdcb9749e6d6c2fb2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 30V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-01p9-9500000000-9a502981b0a9e1ea35ad2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 40V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9100000000-ed0c86b90e1f4966d0252012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-QQ (API3000, Applied Biosystems) 50V, Negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4r-9000000000-b8a975c2d639d8c91afb2012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-QTOF (UPLC Q-Tof Premier, Waters) , Negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-2900000000-30970a4250098e1486582012-08-31HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-0006-0900000000-a587dddf188152c5d7b02017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-3900000000-7170fdcb9749e6d6c2fb2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-01p9-9500000000-9a502981b0a9e1ea35ad2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-000i-9100000000-42a125e9128ce21bd7852017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-QQ , negative-QTOFsplash10-0a4r-9000000000-b8a975c2d639d8c91afb2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-IT , negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-32af4c1bf55ea1563e532017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-014i-9000000000-6f4fedbb19821898fb222017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum
Experimental LC-MS/MSLC-MS/MS Spectrum - Citric acid LC-ESI-ITFT , negative-QTOFsplash10-03di-0900000000-8eff68ab89f7ce2262be2017-09-14HMDB team, MONAView Spectrum

NMR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Experimental 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-04Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 100 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 200 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 300 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 400 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 500 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 600 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 700 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR1H NMR Spectrum (1D, 800 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Predicted 1D NMR13C NMR Spectrum (1D, 900 MHz, D2O, predicted)2021-09-16Wishart LabView Spectrum
Experimental 2D NMR[1H, 13C]-HSQC NMR Spectrum (2D, 600 MHz, H2O, experimental)2012-12-04Wishart LabView Spectrum

IR Spectra

Spectrum TypeDescriptionDeposition DateSourceView
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M-H]-)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+H]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Predicted IR SpectrumIR Ion Spectrum (Predicted IRIS Spectrum, Adduct: [M+Na]+)2023-02-03FELIX labView Spectrum
Biological Properties
Cellular Locations
  • Cytoplasm
  • Extracellular
  • Mitochondria
Biospecimen Locations
  • Blood
  • Breast Milk
  • Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
  • Feces
  • Saliva
  • Sweat
  • Urine
Tissue Locations
  • All Tissues
  • Placenta
  • Prostate
Pathways
Normal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified54.2 +/- 0.8 uMChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified190.0 (30.0-400.0) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified88.0 +/- 33.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified122.0 +/- 30.0 uMChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
BloodDetected and Quantified40-160 uMNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified122.3(27.85) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected and Quantified30.00-400.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
BloodDetected and Quantified114.2 +/- 27 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Breast MilkDetected and Quantified2700 +/- 680 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified225 +/- 96 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified400.0 +/- 170.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified350.0 +/- 240.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified75-275 uMNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified370.0 (110.0 - 630.0) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified176.0 +/- 50.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified320 (15-4984) uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified83.90 +/- 37.92 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Not SpecifiedNormal details
SalivaDetected and Quantified10.9 +/- 8.35 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified12.2 +/- 7.87 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified1 - 4456 uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified16.9 +/- 9.95 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified18.1 +/- 10.3 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Normal
    • Sugimoto et al. (...
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified28.50 +/- 9.89 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Zerihun T. Dame, ...
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified18 (1-338) uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified370 (3-66177) uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SalivaDetected and Quantified192 (10-1857) uMAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
SweatDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified972.5 (89.5-1647.7) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified708.9 (25.2-3168.4) umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified208.6 (33.2-445.1) umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified184.2 (58.7-651.7) umol/mmol creatinineAdolescent (13-18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified300.0 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified371(102-611) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified0-21.0 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Male
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0-22.7 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Male
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0-33.7 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Female
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified0-4.1 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Female
Normal
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified46.87-484.31 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • David F. Putnam C...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified135-271 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified203 (49-600) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified440 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified181.0 +/- 97.0 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified242.0 +/- 129.6 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal
    • Geigy Scientific ...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified119.45 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal
    • Shaykhutdinov RA,...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified14.712-73.559 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified172.8 +/- 87.4 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified155 (70-226) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified280.6 +/- 115.2 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)FemaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified271.8 +/- 90.0 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified<757.09 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 18 years old)Both
Normal
    • BC Children's Hos...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified493.679 +/- 202.522 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Normal
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Male
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified137-210 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified440.6 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified242.34 (81.79 – 403.84) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothNormal
    • Lorena Ivona ŞTEF...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified39.6-893.5 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified422.9 +/- 246.8 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)FemaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified379.57 (228.21-614.87) umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal
    • Analysis of 40 NI...
details
UrineDetected and Quantified382.2 +/- 208.3 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)MaleNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified226.32 +/- 98.12 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)BothNormal details
UrineDetected and Quantified46-1400 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)Both
Normal
details
Abnormal Concentrations
BiospecimenStatusValueAgeSexConditionReferenceDetails
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Schizophrenia
details
BloodDetected and Quantified80.2 +/- 44.9 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHeart Transplant details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Oesophageal cancer
details
BloodDetected and Quantified77.6 +/- 19.1 uMAdult (>18 years old)Female
Pregnancy with fetuses with trisomy 18
details
BloodDetected and Quantified66.1 +/- 22.9 uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified85.9 (19.1) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleEarly preeclampsia details
BloodDetected and Quantified79.3 (19.3) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified141.3 +/- 54.7 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Hyperoxalemia
details
BloodDetected and Quantified117.6 +/- 37.2 uMAdult (>18 years old)Both
Hyperoxalemia
details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal cancer details
BloodDetected and Quantified71-107 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Both2-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex deficiency details
BloodDetected and Quantified59.29 (11.58) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy with fetus having congenital heart defect details
BloodDetected and Quantified61.85 (13.38) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified85.9 (26.9) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleLate-onset preeclampsia details
BloodDetected and Quantified74.1 (23.5) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified144.54(44.65) uMAdult (>18 years old)BothHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Pancreatic cancer
details
BloodDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Schizophrenia
details
BloodDetected and Quantified57.2 (18.7) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemaleDown syndrome pregnancy details
BloodDetected and Quantified51.9 (16.5) uMAdult (>18 years old)FemalePregnancy details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified149.400-152.400 uMChildren (1-13 years old)Both2-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex deficiency details
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)Detected and Quantified2400.0 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothCanavan Disease details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Crohn disease
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Ulcerative colitis
details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothIrritable Bowel Syndrome details
FecesDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal Cancer details
SalivaDetected and Quantified66.67 +/- 68.53 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleAlzheimer's disease details
SalivaDetected and Quantified67.38 +/- 26.37 uMAdult (>18 years old)MaleFrontotemporal lobe dementia details
SalivaDetected and Quantified85.33 +/- 8.98 uMAdult (>18 years old)BothLewy body disease details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothBladder cancer details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Schizophrenia
details
UrineDetected and Quantified17.35 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1-13 years old)Female
Primary Hypomagnesemia
details
UrineDetected and Quantified1.177-354.851 umol/mmol creatinineInfant (0-1 year old)Both
Amish lethal microcephaly
details
UrineDetected and Quantified268.0 (53.0-1111.0) umol/mmol creatinineNot SpecifiedBothLung cancer details
UrineDetected and Quantified154 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)FemaleRhabdomyolysis details
UrineDetected and Quantified478.296 +/- 354.079 umol/mmol creatinineChildren (1 - 13 years old)Not Specified
Eosinophilic esophagitis
    • Analysis of 30 no...
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)BothColorectal cancer details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Colorectal cancer
details
UrineDetected and Quantified181.5 +/- 5.7 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency details
UrineDetected and Quantified191.7 +/- 4.1 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)Both3-Hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA lyase (HL) deficency details
UrineDetected and Quantified80.9 +/- 1.8 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothArgininosuccinic aciduria (ASL) details
UrineDetected and Quantified689.6 +/- 47.3 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothPropionic acidemia details
UrineDetected and Quantified712.3 +/- 82.8 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothPropionic acidemia details
UrineDetected and Quantified457.6 +/- 17.5 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothTyrosinemia I details
UrineDetected and Quantified81.8 +/- 10.4 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothPhenylketonuria details
UrineDetected and Quantified291.9 +/- 14.6 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothPhenylketonuria details
UrineDetected and Quantified576.1 +/- 15.2 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothMaple syrup urine disease details
UrineDetected and Quantified304.51 (105.96 – 586.60) umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothType 1 diabetes Mellitus
    • Lorena Ivona ŞTEF...
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Schizophrenia
details
UrineDetected but not QuantifiedNot QuantifiedAdult (>18 years old)Both
Normal
details
UrineDetected and Quantified11.2 umol/mmol creatinineAdult (>18 years old)BothParaquat poisoning details
UrineDetected and Quantified998 umol/mmol creatinineNewborn (0-30 days old)FemaleDeafness, Onychodystrophy, Osteodystrophy, Mental Retardation, and Seizures Syndrome details
Associated Disorders and Diseases
Disease References
Hyperoxalemia
  1. Ogawa Y, Machida N, Jahana M, Gakiya M, Chinen Y, Oda M, Morozumi M, Sugaya K: Major factors modulating the serum oxalic acid level in hemodialysis patients. Front Biosci. 2004 Sep 1;9:2901-8. [PubMed:15353324 ]
Pancreatic cancer
  1. Zhang L, Jin H, Guo X, Yang Z, Zhao L, Tang S, Mo P, Wu K, Nie Y, Pan Y, Fan D: Distinguishing pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis and healthy individuals by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomic profiles. Clin Biochem. 2012 Sep;45(13-14):1064-9. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.05.012. Epub 2012 May 19. [PubMed:22613268 ]
Schizophrenia
  1. Yang J, Chen T, Sun L, Zhao Z, Qi X, Zhou K, Cao Y, Wang X, Qiu Y, Su M, Zhao A, Wang P, Yang P, Wu J, Feng G, He L, Jia W, Wan C: Potential metabolite markers of schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jan;18(1):67-78. doi: 10.1038/mp.2011.131. Epub 2011 Oct 25. [PubMed:22024767 ]
  2. Xuan J, Pan G, Qiu Y, Yang L, Su M, Liu Y, Chen J, Feng G, Fang Y, Jia W, Xing Q, He L: Metabolomic profiling to identify potential serum biomarkers for schizophrenia and risperidone action. J Proteome Res. 2011 Dec 2;10(12):5433-43. doi: 10.1021/pr2006796. Epub 2011 Nov 8. [PubMed:22007635 ]
  3. Cai HL, Li HD, Yan XZ, Sun B, Zhang Q, Yan M, Zhang WY, Jiang P, Zhu RH, Liu YP, Fang PF, Xu P, Yuan HY, Zhang XH, Hu L, Yang W, Ye HS: Metabolomic analysis of biochemical changes in the plasma and urine of first-episode neuroleptic-naive schizophrenia patients after treatment with risperidone. J Proteome Res. 2012 Aug 3;11(8):4338-50. doi: 10.1021/pr300459d. Epub 2012 Jul 26. [PubMed:22800120 ]
Early preeclampsia
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
Pregnancy
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomics and first-trimester prediction of early-onset preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012 Oct;25(10):1840-7. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.680254. Epub 2012 Apr 28. [PubMed:22494326 ]
  2. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
  3. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester Down syndrome prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 May;208(5):371.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.12.035. Epub 2013 Jan 8. [PubMed:23313728 ]
  4. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Chelliah A, Mandal R, Dong E, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: Metabolomic analysis for first-trimester trisomy 18 detection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jul;209(1):65.e1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.03.028. Epub 2013 Mar 25. [PubMed:23535240 ]
  5. Bahado-Singh RO, Ertl R, Mandal R, Bjorndahl TC, Syngelaki A, Han B, Dong E, Liu PB, Alpay-Savasan Z, Wishart DS, Nicolaides KH: Metabolomic prediction of fetal congenital heart defect in the first trimester. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Sep;211(3):240.e1-240.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2014.03.056. Epub 2014 Apr 1. [PubMed:24704061 ]
Late-onset preeclampsia
  1. Bahado-Singh RO, Akolekar R, Mandal R, Dong E, Xia J, Kruger M, Wishart DS, Nicolaides K: First-trimester metabolomic detection of late-onset preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jan;208(1):58.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Nov 13. [PubMed:23159745 ]
Canavan disease
  1. Wevers RA, Engelke U, Wendel U, de Jong JG, Gabreels FJ, Heerschap A: Standardized method for high-resolution 1H-NMR of cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 1995 May;41(5):744-51. [PubMed:7729054 ]
2-Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex deficiency
  1. Kohlschutter A, Behbehani A, Langenbeck U, Albani M, Heidemann P, Hoffmann G, Kleineke J, Lehnert W, Wendel U: A familial progressive neurodegenerative disease with 2-oxoglutaric aciduria. Eur J Pediatr. 1982 Feb;138(1):32-7. [PubMed:7075624 ]
Irritable bowel syndrome
  1. Hong YS, Hong KS, Park MH, Ahn YT, Lee JH, Huh CS, Lee J, Kim IK, Hwang GS, Kim JS: Metabonomic understanding of probiotic effects in humans with irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011 May-Jun;45(5):415-25. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318207f76c. [PubMed:21494186 ]
Crohn's disease
  1. Azario I, Pievani A, Del Priore F, Antolini L, Santi L, Corsi A, Cardinale L, Sawamoto K, Kubaski F, Gentner B, Bernardo ME, Valsecchi MG, Riminucci M, Tomatsu S, Aiuti A, Biondi A, Serafini M: Neonatal umbilical cord blood transplantation halts skeletal disease progression in the murine model of MPS-I. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09958-9. [PubMed:28842642 ]
Ulcerative colitis
  1. Azario I, Pievani A, Del Priore F, Antolini L, Santi L, Corsi A, Cardinale L, Sawamoto K, Kubaski F, Gentner B, Bernardo ME, Valsecchi MG, Riminucci M, Tomatsu S, Aiuti A, Biondi A, Serafini M: Neonatal umbilical cord blood transplantation halts skeletal disease progression in the murine model of MPS-I. Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 25;7(1):9473. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-09958-9. [PubMed:28842642 ]
Alzheimer's disease
  1. Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
Frontotemporal dementia
  1. Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
Lewy body disease
  1. Tsuruoka M, Hara J, Hirayama A, Sugimoto M, Soga T, Shankle WR, Tomita M: Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry-based metabolome analysis of serum and saliva from neurodegenerative dementia patients. Electrophoresis. 2013 Oct;34(19):2865-72. doi: 10.1002/elps.201300019. Epub 2013 Sep 6. [PubMed:23857558 ]
Paraquat poisoning
  1. Bairaktari E, Katopodis K, Siamopoulos KC, Tsolas O: Paraquat-induced renal injury studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine. Clin Chem. 1998 Jun;44(6 Pt 1):1256-61. [PubMed:9625050 ]
Lung Cancer
  1. Wishart DS, Knox C, Guo AC, Eisner R, Young N, Gautam B, Hau DD, Psychogios N, Dong E, Bouatra S, Mandal R, Sinelnikov I, Xia J, Jia L, Cruz JA, Lim E, Sobsey CA, Shrivastava S, Huang P, Liu P, Fang L, Peng J, Fradette R, Cheng D, Tzur D, Clements M, Lewis A, De Souza A, Zuniga A, Dawe M, Xiong Y, Clive D, Greiner R, Nazyrova A, Shaykhutdinov R, Li L, Vogel HJ, Forsythe I: HMDB: a knowledgebase for the human metabolome. Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 Jan;37(Database issue):D603-10. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkn810. Epub 2008 Oct 25. [PubMed:18953024 ]
Rhabdomyolysis
  1. Bairaktari E, Seferiadis K, Liamis G, Psihogios N, Tsolas O, Elisaf M: Rhabdomyolysis-related renal tubular damage studied by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine. Clin Chem. 2002 Jul;48(7):1106-9. [PubMed:12089184 ]
Diabetes mellitus type 1
  1. (). Lorena Ivona ŞTEFAN, Alina NICOLESCU, Simona POPA, Maria MOŢA, Eugenia KOVACS and Calin DELEANU. 1H-NMR URINE METABOLIC PROFILING IN TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS. Rev. Roum. Chim., 2010, 55(11-12), 1033-1037 . .
Argininosuccinic aciduria
  1. Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Propionic acidemia
  1. Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Tyrosinemia I
  1. Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Phenylketonuria
  1. Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Maple syrup urine disease
  1. Gronwald W, Klein MS, Kaspar H, Fagerer SR, Nurnberger N, Dettmer K, Bertsch T, Oefner PJ: Urinary metabolite quantification employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chem. 2008 Dec 1;80(23):9288-97. doi: 10.1021/ac801627c. [PubMed:19551947 ]
Eosinophilic esophagitis
  1. Slae, M., Huynh, H., Wishart, D.S. (2014). Analysis of 30 normal pediatric urine samples via NMR spectroscopy (unpublished work). NA.
Colorectal cancer
  1. Cheng Y, Xie G, Chen T, Qiu Y, Zou X, Zheng M, Tan B, Feng B, Dong T, He P, Zhao L, Zhao A, Xu LX, Zhang Y, Jia W: Distinct urinary metabolic profile of human colorectal cancer. J Proteome Res. 2012 Feb 3;11(2):1354-63. doi: 10.1021/pr201001a. Epub 2011 Dec 28. [PubMed:22148915 ]
  2. Ni Y, Xie G, Jia W: Metabonomics of human colorectal cancer: new approaches for early diagnosis and biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res. 2014 Sep 5;13(9):3857-70. doi: 10.1021/pr500443c. Epub 2014 Aug 14. [PubMed:25105552 ]
  3. Brown DG, Rao S, Weir TL, O'Malia J, Bazan M, Brown RJ, Ryan EP: Metabolomics and metabolic pathway networks from human colorectal cancers, adjacent mucosa, and stool. Cancer Metab. 2016 Jun 6;4:11. doi: 10.1186/s40170-016-0151-y. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27275383 ]
  4. Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ: Fecal Microbiota, Fecal Metabolome, and Colorectal Cancer Interrelations. PLoS One. 2016 Mar 25;11(3):e0152126. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152126. eCollection 2016. [PubMed:27015276 ]
  5. Goedert JJ, Sampson JN, Moore SC, Xiao Q, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Ahn J, Shi J, Sinha R: Fecal metabolomics: assay performance and association with colorectal cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2014 Sep;35(9):2089-96. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgu131. Epub 2014 Jul 18. [PubMed:25037050 ]
Primary hypomagnesemia
  1. Kari JA, Farouq M, Alshaya HO: Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003 Jun;18(6):506-10. Epub 2003 Apr 29. [PubMed:12720080 ]
Amish lethal microcephaly
  1. Kelley RI, Robinson D, Puffenberger EG, Strauss KA, Morton DH: Amish lethal microcephaly: a new metabolic disorder with severe congenital microcephaly and 2-ketoglutaric aciduria. Am J Med Genet. 2002 Nov 1;112(4):318-26. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.10529. [PubMed:12376931 ]
Deafness, Onychodystrophy, Osteodystrophy, Mental Retardation, and Seizures Syndrome
  1. James AW, Miranda SG, Culver K, Hall BD, Golabi M: DOOR syndrome: clinical report, literature review and discussion of natural history. Am J Med Genet A. 2007 Dec 1;143A(23):2821-31. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32054. [PubMed:17994565 ]
Associated OMIM IDs
DrugBank IDDB04272
Phenol Explorer Compound IDNot Available
FooDB IDFDB030735
KNApSAcK IDC00007619
Chemspider ID305
KEGG Compound IDC00158
BioCyc IDCIT
BiGG ID34080
Wikipedia LinkCitric_Acid
METLIN ID124
PubChem Compound311
PDB IDNot Available
ChEBI ID30769
Food Biomarker OntologyNot Available
VMH IDCIT
MarkerDB IDMDB00000049
Good Scents IDNot Available
References
Synthesis Reference Evans, D. W. S. Hydrolysis of ethyl methylenecitrate [5,5-bis(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-one] and an attempted synthesis of agaric acid. Journal of the Chemical Society (1959), 1313-14.
Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)Download (PDF)
General References
  1. Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, Khan AP, Cao Q, Yu J, Laxman B, Mehra R, Lonigro RJ, Li Y, Nyati MK, Ahsan A, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Han B, Cao X, Byun J, Omenn GS, Ghosh D, Pennathur S, Alexander DC, Berger A, Shuster JR, Wei JT, Varambally S, Beecher C, Chinnaiyan AM: Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature. 2009 Feb 12;457(7231):910-4. doi: 10.1038/nature07762. [PubMed:19212411 ]
  2. Hoffmann GF, Meier-Augenstein W, Stockler S, Surtees R, Rating D, Nyhan WL: Physiology and pathophysiology of organic acids in cerebrospinal fluid. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1993;16(4):648-69. [PubMed:8412012 ]
  3. Commodari F, Arnold DL, Sanctuary BC, Shoubridge EA: 1H NMR characterization of normal human cerebrospinal fluid and the detection of methylmalonic acid in a vitamin B12 deficient patient. NMR Biomed. 1991 Aug;4(4):192-200. [PubMed:1931558 ]
  4. Moreno AJ, Brown JM, Salinas JA, Feaster BL 3rd, Brown TJ: Ga-67 positivity in sarcoidosis of the skin with coincident thyroid uptake of uncertain etiology. Clin Nucl Med. 1984 Mar;9(3):165-6. [PubMed:6705419 ]
  5. Wenk J, Foitzik A, Achterberg V, Sabiwalsky A, Dissemond J, Meewes C, Reitz A, Brenneisen P, Wlaschek M, Meyer-Ingold W, Scharffetter-Kochanek K: Selective pick-up of increased iron by deferoxamine-coupled cellulose abrogates the iron-driven induction of matrix-degrading metalloproteinase 1 and lipid peroxidation in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro: a new dressing concept. J Invest Dermatol. 2001 Jun;116(6):833-9. [PubMed:11407968 ]
  6. Wei R, Han JJ, Bai B, Ren DL, Chen B, Yang MF, Xia ZL: Analysis of factors influencing the blood levels and activities of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA). Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2003;29(3-4):351-6. [PubMed:14724361 ]
  7. McBane RD 2nd, Karnicki K, Tahirkheli N, Miller RS, Owen WG: Platelet characteristics associated with coronary artery disease. J Thromb Haemost. 2003 Jun;1(6):1296-303. [PubMed:12871333 ]
  8. Jurasovic J, Cvitkovic P, Pizent A, Colak B, Telisman S: Semen quality and reproductive endocrine function with regard to blood cadmium in Croatian male subjects. Biometals. 2004 Dec;17(6):735-43. [PubMed:15689116 ]
  9. Mairiang E, Hanpanich P, Sriboonlue P: In vivo 31P-MRS assessment of muscle-pH, cytolsolic-[Mg2+] and phosphorylation potential after supplementing hypokaliuric renal stone patients with potassium and magnesium salts. Magn Reson Imaging. 2004 Jun;22(5):715-9. [PubMed:15172066 ]
  10. Tammen H, Schulte I, Hess R, Menzel C, Kellmann M, Mohring T, Schulz-Knappe P: Peptidomic analysis of human blood specimens: comparison between plasma specimens and serum by differential peptide display. Proteomics. 2005 Aug;5(13):3414-22. [PubMed:16038021 ]
  11. Chiueh CC, Andoh T, Lai AR, Lai E, Krishna G: Neuroprotective strategies in Parkinson's disease: protection against progressive nigral damage induced by free radicals. Neurotox Res. 2000;2(2-3):293-310. [PubMed:16787846 ]
  12. Batchelor WB, Tolleson TR, Huang Y, Larsen RL, Mantell RM, Dillard P, Davidian M, Zhang D, Cantor WJ, Sketch MH Jr, Ohman EM, Zidar JP, Gretler D, DiBattiste PM, Tcheng JE, Califf RM, Harrington RA: Randomized COMparison of platelet inhibition with abciximab, tiRofiban and eptifibatide during percutaneous coronary intervention in acute coronary syndromes: the COMPARE trial. Comparison Of Measurements of Platelet aggregation with Aggrastat, Reopro, and Eptifibatide. Circulation. 2002 Sep 17;106(12):1470-6. [PubMed:12234950 ]
  13. A J, Trygg J, Gullberg J, Johansson AI, Jonsson P, Antti H, Marklund SL, Moritz T: Extraction and GC/MS analysis of the human blood plasma metabolome. Anal Chem. 2005 Dec 15;77(24):8086-94. [PubMed:16351159 ]
  14. Bairaktari E, Katopodis K, Siamopoulos KC, Tsolas O: Paraquat-induced renal injury studied by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of urine. Clin Chem. 1998 Jun;44(6 Pt 1):1256-61. [PubMed:9625050 ]
  15. Wan KW, Malgesini B, Verpilio I, Ferruti P, Griffiths PC, Paul A, Hann AC, Duncan R: Poly(amidoamine) salt form: effect on pH-dependent membrane activity and polymer conformation in solution. Biomacromolecules. 2004 May-Jun;5(3):1102-9. [PubMed:15132705 ]
  16. Solheim BG, Flesland O, Brosstad F, Mollnes TE, Seghatchian J: Improved preservation of coagulation factors after pre-storage leukocyte depletion of whole blood. Transfus Apher Sci. 2003 Oct;29(2):133-9. [PubMed:12941351 ]
  17. Seiffert D, Thomas BE, Bradley JD, Munzer DA, Tchinnes MA, Kornhauser DM, Cain VA, Hua TA, Feuerstein GZ, Martin DE, Stern AM: Effects of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist Roxifiban on P-selectin expression, fibrinogen binding, and microaggregate formation in a phase I dose-finding study: no evidence for platelet activation during treatment with a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist. Platelets. 2003 May;14(3):179-87. [PubMed:12850842 ]
  18. Odvina CV, Mason RP, Pak CY: Prevention of thiazide-induced hypokalemia without magnesium depletion by potassium-magnesium-citrate. Am J Ther. 2006 Mar-Apr;13(2):101-8. [PubMed:16645424 ]
  19. Wevers RA, Engelke U, Wendel U, de Jong JG, Gabreels FJ, Heerschap A: Standardized method for high-resolution 1H-NMR of cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 1995 May;41(5):744-51. [PubMed:7729054 ]
  20. McBane RD 2nd, Karnicki K, Miller RS, Owen WG: The impact of peripheral arterial disease on circulating platelets. Thromb Res. 2004;113(2):137-45. [PubMed:15115669 ]
  21. Abe T, Kobata H, Hanba Y, Kitabata Y, Narukawa N, Hasegawa H, Abe T, Fukagawa M: Study of plasma exchange for liver failure: beneficial and harmful effects. Ther Apher Dial. 2004 Jun;8(3):180-4. [PubMed:15154867 ]
  22. Caudarella R, Vescini F, Buffa A, Stefoni S: Citrate and mineral metabolism: kidney stones and bone disease. Front Biosci. 2003 Sep 1;8:s1084-106. [PubMed:12957820 ]
  23. Costello LC, Franklin RB: Testosterone and prolactin regulation of metabolic genes and citrate metabolism of prostate epithelial cells. Horm Metab Res. 2002 Aug;34(8):417-24. [PubMed:12198595 ]
  24. Elshenawy S, Pinney SE, Stuart T, Doulias PT, Zura G, Parry S, Elovitz MA, Bennett MJ, Bansal A, Strauss JF 3rd, Ischiropoulos H, Simmons RA: The Metabolomic Signature of the Placenta in Spontaneous Preterm Birth. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Feb 4;21(3). pii: ijms21031043. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031043. [PubMed:32033212 ]
  25. Hu YY, Rawal A, Schmidt-Rohr K: Strongly bound citrate stabilizes the apatite nanocrystals in bone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2010 Dec 28;107(52):22425-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1009219107. Epub 2010 Dec 2. [PubMed:21127269 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 25 proteins in total.

Enzymes

General function:
Involved in ATP citrate synthase activity
Specific function:
ATP citrate-lyase is the primary enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cytosolic acetyl-CoA in many tissues. Has a central role in de novo lipid synthesis. In nervous tissue it may be involved in the biosynthesis of acetylcholine.
Gene Name:
ACLY
Uniprot ID:
P53396
Molecular weight:
120838.27
Reactions
ADP + Phosphate + Acetyl-CoA + Oxalacetic acid → Adenosine triphosphate + Citric acid + Coenzyme Adetails
Adenosine triphosphate + Citric acid + Coenzyme A → ADP + Phosphate + Acetyl-CoA + Oxalacetic aciddetails
General function:
Involved in transferase activity, transferring acyl groups, acyl groups converted into alkyl on transfer
Specific function:
Not Available
Gene Name:
CS
Uniprot ID:
O75390
Molecular weight:
51712.025
Reactions
Acetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic acid → Citric acid + Coenzyme Adetails
Citric acid + Coenzyme A → Acetyl-CoA + Water + Oxalacetic aciddetails
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]
General function:
Involved in oxidoreductase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols with a broad range of catalytic efficiencies.
Gene Name:
AKR1B1
Uniprot ID:
P15121
Molecular weight:
35853.125
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
General function:
Involved in cell surface binding
Specific function:
Pro-inflammatory cytokine. Involved in the innate immune response to bacterial pathogens. The expression of MIF at sites of inflammation suggests a role as mediator in regulating the function of macrophages in host defense. Counteracts the anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoids. Has phenylpyruvate tautomerase and dopachrome tautomerase activity (in vitro), but the physiological substrate is not known. It is not clear whether the tautomerase activity has any physiological relevance, and whether it is important for cytokine activity.
Gene Name:
MIF
Uniprot ID:
P14174
Molecular weight:
12476.19
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
General function:
Involved in sulfotransferase activity
Specific function:
Sulfotransferase that utilizes 3'-phospho-5'-adenylyl sulfate (PAPS) to catalyze the transfer of a sulfo group to an N-unsubstituted glucosamine linked to a 2-O-sulfo iduronic acid unit on heparan sulfate. Catalyzes the O-sulfation of glucosamine in IdoUA2S-GlcNS and also in IdoUA2S-GlcNH2. The substrate-specific O-sulfation generates an enzyme-modified heparan sulfate which acts as a binding receptor to Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and permits its entry. Unlike 3-OST-1, does not convert non-anticoagulant heparan sulfate to anticoagulant heparan sulfate.
Gene Name:
HS3ST3A1
Uniprot ID:
Q9Y663
Molecular weight:
44899.155
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
General function:
Involved in folic acid binding
Specific function:
Catalyzes the methylation of glycine by using S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) to form N-methylglycine (sarcosine) with the concomitant production of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy). Possible crucial role in the regulation of tissue concentration of AdoMet and of metabolism of methionine.
Gene Name:
GNMT
Uniprot ID:
Q14749
Molecular weight:
32742.0
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
General function:
Involved in hydrolase activity
Specific function:
Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes the non-canonical purine nucleotides inosine triphosphate (ITP), deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) as well as 2'-deoxy-N-6-hydroxylaminopurine triposphate (dHAPTP) and xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions.
Gene Name:
ITPA
Uniprot ID:
Q9BY32
Molecular weight:
16833.23
References
  1. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]
General function:
Involved in adenine phosphoribosyltransferase activity
Specific function:
Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis.
Gene Name:
APRT
Uniprot ID:
P07741
Molecular weight:
19607.535
References
  1. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]
General function:
Involved in nucleic acid binding
Specific function:
Endonuclease that catalyzes the cleavage of RNA on the 3' side of pyrimidine nucleotides. Acts on single stranded and double stranded RNA
Gene Name:
RNASE1
Uniprot ID:
P07998
Molecular weight:
17644.1
References
  1. Overington JP, Al-Lazikani B, Hopkins AL: How many drug targets are there? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Dec;5(12):993-6. [PubMed:17139284 ]
  2. Imming P, Sinning C, Meyer A: Drugs, their targets and the nature and number of drug targets. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006 Oct;5(10):821-34. [PubMed:17016423 ]
  3. Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, Shindyalov IN, Bourne PE: The Protein Data Bank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Jan 1;28(1):235-42. [PubMed:10592235 ]
General function:
Involved in metallopeptidase activity
Specific function:
Preferential hydrolysis of the beta-Ala-|-His dipeptide (carnosine), and also anserine, Xaa-|-His dipeptides and other dipeptides including homocarnosine
Gene Name:
CNDP1
Uniprot ID:
Q96KN2
Molecular weight:
56691.6

Transporters

General function:
Involved in transporter activity
Specific function:
Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost
Gene Name:
SLCO2B1
Uniprot ID:
O94956
Molecular weight:
76697.9
References
  1. Kobayashi D, Nozawa T, Imai K, Nezu J, Tsuji A, Tamai I: Involvement of human organic anion transporting polypeptide OATP-B (SLC21A9) in pH-dependent transport across intestinal apical membrane. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2003 Aug;306(2):703-8. Epub 2003 Apr 30. [PubMed:12724351 ]

Only showing the first 10 proteins. There are 25 proteins in total.